Incomplete records

by Neil Stein 26 Aug 2004

Examiners like questions on incomplete records because they provide the opportunity to test a variety of bookkeeping and accounting techniques. The two main instances in which incomplete records can be found are where: there are no records at all some records exist and information is available to calculate missing figures. No records at all It is still possible to calculate a profit or loss figure by using the fact that the profit of a business must be represented by more assets. We list and value the opening and closing net assets, then calculate the profit as the difference between the two: Profit = Closing net assets - Opening net assets Allowance must be made for proprietor's drawings and extra capital introduced, so the formula becomes: Profit = Closing net assets - Opening net assets + Drawings - Capital introduced There is little scope here for a major question, but it could form the basis of a two-mark multiple-choice question. Incomplete records This a more common scenario, both in exam questions and in practice. There are standard techniques for calculating missing figures: Opening capital Missing figures for sales and purchases Missing figures for cash. Opening capital We need to have the opening capital of the business at the beginning of a period to provide a starting point - the capital in the balance sheet account. Questions will usually give us a list of opening assets and liabilities, and we use this to arrive at the opening capital. Missing figures for sales and purchases If we know the opening and closing debtors of a business, and the cash received from customers, we can calculate sales. All we need to do is set up a sales ledger total account (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Sales ledger total account (figures invented) £ £ Opening debtors 38,600 Cash received 218,650 Sales (balancing figure) 221,250 Closing debtors 41,200 259,850 259,850 If any three of these figures is known, the fourth can be calculated. All we are doing here is using the sales ledger control account format, but instead of proving the accuracy of the sales ledger, we are calculating what the sales must have been in order for the other figures to be what they are. The same technique may be used to calculate credit purchases. If the sales figure is given we can calculate the cash received. There is another way to calculate sales, purchases or stock figures, and that is to use the trading account format. We normally set up the trading account as (figures invented): £ £ Sales 100,000 Less: cost of sales opening stock 10,000 purchases 78,000 88,000 less: closing stock 13,000 75,000 gross profit 25,000 Suppose the closing stock has been destroyed by fire, along with all the stock records. Then we wouldn't have the closing stock total to include in our trading account. However, we can calculate it if we know the gross profit percentage on sales - or, of course, the mark-up on cost of sales. In the example above, gross profit is 25 per cent of sales. If we are told this, we can insert the gross profit of £25,000 and so calculate the missing stock figure as a balancing item. We can also find a missing purchases figure, or even a missing sales figure. Suppose we are given: £ £ Cost of sales opening stock 10,000 purchases 78,000 88,000 less: closing stock 13,000 75,000 We are also told that gross profit percentage on sales is 25 per cent. If gross profit is 25 per cent on sales, cost of sales must be 75 per cent of sales. The sales total is therefore: £75,000 x 100/75 = £100,000. Whenever the gross profit percentage is given in an incomplete records question, you know that this technique is needed. Missing figures for cash We may be given details of cash receipts and payments plus details of opening and closing balances, but with one figure missing, often the proprietor's drawings. We can calculate the missing figure by setting up a cash account to find the balancing item required. Here are the incomplete records techniques: Construct To calculate 1 Opening assets and liabilities Opening capital 2 Sales or purchases ledger total accounts Any missing figure 3 Trading account (gross profit percentage must be given) Any missing figure 4 Cash account Any missing figure There is only one way to develop fluency in incomplete records questions, and that is to practise as many questions as you can. Here are three short exercises: The net assets of Altese, a trader, at 1 January 2003 amounted to £128,000. During the year to 31 December 2003, Altese introduced a further £50,000 of capital and made drawings of £48,000. At 31 December 2003, Altese's net assets totalled £184,000. Using this information compute Altese's total profit for the year ended 31 December 2003. Senji does not keep proper accounting records, and it is necessary to calculate her total purchases for the year ended 31 January 2004 from the following information: £ Trade creditors 31 January 2003 130,400 31 January 2004 171,250 Payments to suppliers 888,400 Cost of goods taken by Senji for her personal use 1,000 Refunds received from suppliers 2,400 Discounts received 11,200 Compute the figure for purchases for inclusion in Senji's financial statements. Aluki fixes prices to make a standard gross profit percentage on sales of 331/3%. The following information is available for the year ended 31 January 2004 to compute her sales total for the year: £ Stock 1 February 2003 243,000 31 January 2004 261,700 Purchases 595,400 Purchases returns 41,200 Calculate the sales figure for the year ended 31 January 2004. Answers £ Opening capital 128,000 Capital introduced 50,000 178,000 less: Drawings 48,000 130,000 Closing capital 184,000 Profit is therefore 54,000 See Figure 2. Figure 2: Purchases total account £ £ Payments to suppliers 888,400 Balance brought forward 130,400 Discounts received 11,200 Goods taken by Senji 1,000 Balance carried forward 171,250 Refunds from suppliers 2,400 Purchases (balancing figure) 937,050 1,070,850 1,070,850 £ £ Cost of sales Opening stock 243,000 Purchases 595,400 less: Returns 41,200 554,200 797,200 less: Closing stock 261,700 535,500 Sales figure is therefore: £535,500 x 3/2 = 803,250 These three examples are quite elementary, but they illustrate techniques that you will find in nearly all incomplete records questions. Neil Stein is examiner for Paper 1.1

 

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Fundamentals of Investments

iNFO: Fundamentals of Investments was written to: 1. Focus on students as investment managers, giving them information they can act on instead of concentrating on theories and research without the proper context. 2. Offer strong, consistent pedagogy, including a balanced, unified treatment of the main types of financial investments as mirrored in the investment world. 3. Organize topics in a way that makes them easy to apply--whether to a portfolio simulation or to real life--and support these topics with hands-on activities. The approach of this text reflects two central ideas. First, there is a consistent focus on the student as an individual investor or investments manager. Second, a consistent, unified treatment of the four basic types of financial instruments--stocks, bonds, options, and futures--focusing on their characteristics and features, their risks and returns, and the markets in which they trade.

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